(2009) had a primary particle size of 5–15 nm in width and 1–10 µm in length and contained 9.6% Al 2O 3 the mass median aerodynamic diameter (MMAD) and geometric standard deviation (GSD) were approximately 1.2 and 2.7, respectively (median value reported). The two MWCNT subchronic studies in rats had similar study designs, although the MWCNT material varied somewhat in their physical–chemical properties. Fourth, the impact of electronic media on democratic politics via agenda-setting, the distortion and reduction of news, deflecting public attention from social problems, and the use of television advertising in political campaigns.Hazard and Risk Assessment of Workplace Exposure to Engineered NanoparticlesĮileen Kuempel, Vincent Castranova, in Assessing Nanoparticle Risks to Human Health, 2011 3.2.1 Data Description Third, ideological influences of the media in promoting a total pattern of life and thought. Second, patterns of ownership and control, the integration of more and more media into a few large corporations, cross-media ownership, and the increasing commercialization of programming. First, media content studies, concerned with the cultural quality of media output, or with specific biases and effects such as stereotyping or the promotion of anti-social behaviour and violence, especially on children's television. Four distinct areas of research can be distinguished. McQuail's Mass Communication Theory, 1983, is an excellent introduction and overview). Media research has expanded enormously since the 1960s, with most attention going to television as the most pervasive medium (D. But more intensive research revealed that mass communications are mediated in complex ways, and that their effects on the audience depend on factors such as class, social context, values, beliefs, emotional state, and even the time of day. The concept of mass society added force to the idea that the electronic media might create an Orwellian situation of mind control, with passive masses dominated by a tiny elite of communicators.Įarly studies by Harold Lasswell, Paul Lazarsfeld, and others seemed to show that media effects were indeed direct and powerful-the so-called ‘hypodermic’ model of influence. Adolf Hitler's successful use of radio for propaganda was an object lesson in the possible dangers. From the earliest studies in the 1930s, the main concern was with the power implicit in new media technologies, especially radio and television. Mass media dominate the mental life of modern societies, and therefore are of intense interest to sociologists. Media output is regulated by governments everywhere, but the restrictions vary from very light advisory regulation (for example no cigarette advertising or nudity on TV), to the most comprehensive forms of censorship in totalitarian societies. Media organizations are bureaucratic and (except in societies where all media are state-controlled) corporate in nature. Mass communication is by definition a one-way process. Wright Mills in The Power Elite (1956), the mass media have two important sociological characteristics: first, very few people can communicate to a great number and, second, the audience has no effective way of answering back. These new technologies formed part of the wider transformation in popular culture during this period and typified the new more intensive capitalization of the leisure industries and their associated concern to address mass audiences.Īs defined by C. These years saw the development and introduction of still photography, moving photography (cinema), cable telegraphy, wireless telegraphy, the phonograph, the telephone, radio, and television. Dependent upon innovations in the electronics and chemicals industries, the period between 18 was a formative moment for the mass media. The mass media are defined as large-scale organizations which use one or more of these technologies to communicate with large numbers of people (‘mass communications’). A medium is a means of communication such as print, radio, or television.
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